CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

A. Background of Research
The world literature still becomes a poser for us, what is literature? There have been various efforts to define literature, some experts (Ratna and Teeuw) suppose that literature is about writing; something that is written. Actually when we talked about literature, the first thing that will come up on our mind is fiction; we only know that literature is a fiction world. In fiction, the facts may or may not be true, and a story is none the worse for their being entirely imaginary.
The literature self is derived from Latin word, namely ‘litteratura' that means a sastera (A.Teeuw, 2003:20). But other people read the works of literature as 'fact' and 'fiction' by the other one. One thing that makes literature viewed as a fictional thing is caused by using a peculiar ways in language. Perhaps literature is not definable based on whether it is fictional or imaginative, but because it uses language in peculiar ways.
Talking about literature, it is inseparable from gender. Gender itself would not be possible without a disposition to interpret the difference and conflict between assumption as the masculine and feminine, and this political stuff being issued from a long time phase waiting nowadays. Certainly, in the nineteenth century in Britain and in the United states, gender was matter for much public discussion and debate in the women question as is was called, focused attention on whether gender should be a factor in granting or limiting right; it also focused attention on male and female social roles, asking questions about the nature and function of gender (http://en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Feminism).
From the website above, it also explains that all the way of history of human being, female had been being categorized as the secondary person. In the most cultural studies around the world, male and female are being assigned as the former in difference position. Men are seen is power owner of numerous the aspect-economy, education, politic, and literature-despite the fact that, women are categorized merely as the second status in the middle of men’s hegemony. Women domiciled just for the domestic matters around the house.
Conventionally, within the triumphant of patriarchal system or the traditional law of father’s authority, women are being situated as the second as the second sex, which they give merely the services to men. A father (male) has authority in the gently sloping of family’s affairs, whereas, wife (female) have been stereotyped in every day be deficient in voices, voting rights, decision, and it is generally for a communal conformity that based on the principle of division labor between them.
Gender of feminism issue is more complicated than writer have so far indicated, because gender issues are showing and pointing up the indicators of cultural dilemma between men and women. It is about division labor, splitting up human rights. Generally, the cultural consensus are expressing through the female position as an instance and illustration of what is called, “the woman as the other; subaltern”. Women’s feeling and position, these are the both crucial and the mutually essential to be fully lively at a low level condition.
Therefore, in focus of all discriminations, the term ‘feminism’ is purposing and identifying the women’s movement and women rebellious, which they seeks to challenge the traditions of ‘patriarchal’ society and the discrimination inside the culture. In point of that, Henry Sutton gives suggestion and illustration that all of kinds in feminist and gender critics not only identify representations of the sexuality and female desire, “but to” demonstrate how meanings work and they can be challenged. For limitation of feminism stuffs, the research will be carried on view of feminism on Henry Sutton’s The Voyeur.
Novel The Voyeur as literature of discourse is the form of gender ideology practice or reflecting of certain gender ideology. This ideology is constructed by dominant groups (male). It is purposed to reproduce and legitimate their domination.
One of main strategies is making awareness to society that gender ideology in society received by taken for granted. In this case, Gender ideology inherently characterized social non personal or individual. Even though, it is characterized social, gender ideology used internally among the member of groups and certain communities. So that, gender ideology forms self identity of groups that it different from other groups. From description above, it can be known that discourse of novel The Voyeur reflects gender ideology of Henry Sutton.
In the discourse of Sutton novel, female appeared as object and not subject. Therefore, Such as representation of object, woman position always defined, to be a storyteller, and can’t appear they. Where, it refers to the feminism that it is “Gerakan kaum wanita untuk menolak segala sesuatu yang dimarginalisasikan, disubordinasikan, dan direndahkan oleh kebudayaan dominan, baik dalam bidang politik dan ekonomi maupun kehidupan social pada umumnya (Ratna, 2007:184).
The writer analyzes on the discourse as follows:
“God damn it, frank, let go of me!”
She tried to bring her knee up to his groin, but he blocked her with a turn of his body. With one hand he held both of her arms, and with the other he rubbed at her buttocks, pulling her up close against the bulge of his dungarees. She was frightened now, and in terror and range she sank her teeth into his upper arm, biting as hard as she could. He gasped in pain.
“Son of a bitch!” He shouted, and pushed her away from him.
{Sutton, 1970:15}.

Discourse above can be described as follows: The discourse field is patriarchal ideology that socialized and internalized by a patriarchy person (a man) to female (Mrs. Church).
The discourse wrapper is man power as patriarchy toward female (Mrs. Church) and there is a relation which is institutionalized that a man is Mrs. Church’s friend. A man does not respect her and she also does not respect him. Here, Mrs. Church does not have the right to define herself. She has been defined by Frank as a bitch because of her attitude that deviated from a norm.

B. Statement of Problem
In addition, the main problem of this research can be specified into clear formulated statements as follow:
1. How is construction gender ideology on Henry Sutton’s The Voyeur?
2. What are the kinds of gender ideology on Henri Sutton’s The Voyeur?

C. Conceptual Framework
A novel as a discourse cannot be separated from the ideology. Gender ideology is defined as the belief or attitudes that a person holds about gender roles. People with an egalitarian gender emphasize quality and independence, while people with a more traditional gender ideology emphasize stability and harmony. (http://ocw.mit.edu/NR/rdonlyres/068394C-0D41-46B9-8917-B41100284149/0/gender_agrarian.pdf)
Even, it has an ability to manipulate the reader to the ideology. In this case, novel can be understood as discourse, it is the way of telling, expressing event, experience, reality and certain life in the world of human life.
Brook (1997:73) said about Foucault’s opinion that “Wacana adalah serangkaian praktik daripada struktur”. Discourse is well known in daily conversation. It is not strange or new term. We often hear say or write it, although we do not exactly comprehend the meaning. In Indonesian, the term is translated to be wacana or diskursus.
Comprehending discourse can be something easy and hard at once. Discourse can be trivial or seriously study depended on how we connect it to particular reality or study. Word “cuman wacana dowangan” is easy to comprehend. In this context, discourse means word or talk. According to Djojosuroto (2005:51) that “Wacana diartikan sebagai kesuluruhan unsur-unsur yang membangun paparan bahasa dalam peristiwa komunikasi”.
A novel can be viewed as a discourse. As a discourse, novel is a form of way of telling, expressing reality, event or life experience and human life. In this phase, novel can be a fixation form or institutionalization of reality. In this case, a discourse is fixation and stabilization of reality, event or experience into written. It can be an institutionalization of reality, event, or experience from oral into written.
Then, it can be defined that novel discourse indeed delegates social construction or social building of reality, event or experience of human life included role, male and female position in society. It discussed in the gender ideology.
Therefore, as noted above, writer wants to consider and think of operation of gender ideology on novel The Voyeur.
Other expert such as Mosse (2002:3) said that “Gender adalah seperangkat peran yang, seperti halnya kostum dan topeng di teater, menyampaikan kepada orang lain bahwa kita adalah feminin atau maskulin”. Ratna (2005:385) said that “Ideologi gender merupakan institutionalisasi system pengetahuan bersama, yang melaluinya masing-masing individu dapat mengidentifikasikan diri dalam kelompok yang bersangkutan”
The writer searched in the web that:
“Ideologi’’ dalam konteks relasi gender dapat di anggap sebagai sebuah ilmu tentang cara-cara makna (signification) digunakan untuk melanggengkan relasi dominansi patriarki, akan tetapi dengan sebuah mekanisme pelanggengan yang sangat halus (soft domination). (http://kippas.wordpress.com/2007/07/18/%E2%80%9Cgender-horrography%E2%80%9D-kekerasan-terhadap-perempuan-dalam-pemberitaan-pers/)

As the writer told above that gender ideology cannot be separated from gender believe system that refers to a series of believe and opinion about male and female and about masculine and feminine. In other word, gender believe system embraces descriptive and prescriptive element, namely believe of how male and female indeed and how male and female should be.
The writer uses Mills theory of Critical Discourse Analysis and she works in feminism world. Her theory focuses on the feminism discourse namely how the women showed in the text even the novel, picture or media and it is suitable with the content of the novel that writer analyzed.
The operation of gender ideology in this research can be understood as the process of gender ideology construction in novel The Voyeur. That operation of gender ideology is a production process and reproduction power relation which is not balance between male and female through representation of position from any social actor, concept position or event that showed in novel The Voyeur.
Those positions determined the text that attends in the middle of the reader. Those positions mean who the subject and the object are that determined of how the text structure and how the meaning did in the text or discourse comprehensively.

D. Purpose and Significance of Research
1. To find out construction gender ideology on Henry Sutton’s The Voyeur?
2. To find out the kinds of gender ideology on The Voyeur novel


E. Organization of Writing
1. Introduction
This chapter deals with the back ground of research, statements of problem, research questions, purposes and significances of research, and organization of writing.
2. Theoretical Review
The chapter reviews theories underlying and supporting the research including; a) Gender and ideology include; Definition of Gender, kinds of Gender Ideology, Alienate Violence and Definition of Gender Ideology. b) Discourse and critical discourse analysis include; Discourse, discourse and discourse analysis, (critical) discourse analysis and critical language awareness, c) Mills’s theory include; position: subject – object, position: reader position, d) concept supporting emergence of critical discourse analysis include; text and hermeneutics, ideology and hegemony, e) description of The Voyeur include; biographical sketch of Henry Sutton, synopsis of The Voyeur.
3. Methodology of Research
This chapter elaborates methodology of this research, begins with the method of research, the data, sources of data, the technique of collecting data, and ends with the technique of analyzing data.
4. Gender Ideology on Henry Sutton’s The Voyeur
This chapter provides data representation and discussion based on Sara Mills’s theory of critical discourse analysis.

5. Conclusion and Suggestion
This is final chapter that provides the conclusion of the whole analysis and suggestion for better understanding.